Seed treatments are the biological, physical and chemical agents and techniques applied to seed to provide protection and improve the establishment of healthy crops.

Biologicals are a diverse group of products derived from naturally occurring microorganisms, plant extracts, beneficial insects or other organic matter.

An in-furrow starter is commonly called a “pop-up” fertilizer and is applied in the seed furrow (in-furrow). This allows for ease of application and placing the nutrients close to the germinating seed which allows the seedling to have easy access to nutrients.

Foliar is a chemical or natural substance applied directly onto a plant's leaves to improve its health and increase fertility. 

Nutrient use efficiency refers to the ability of crops to take up and utilise nutrients for optimal yields, therefore, the concept involves three major processes in plants: uptake, assimilation, and utilisation of nutrients.